Sickle cell disease (SCD), also known as sickle cell anemia, is a genetic blood disorder that affects the structure of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. In individuals with SCD, a specific genetic mutation causes the hemoglobin to form abnormal "sickle" or crescent-shaped red blood cells instead of the normal round shape.

Sickle cell disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning a person needs to inherit two abnormal copies of the hemoglobin gene (one from each parent) to develop the disease. People with one abnormal gene copy are carriers (known as sickle cell trait) and typically do not experience the symptoms of the disease.

SCD primarily affects individuals of African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, or South Asian descent, but it can occur in any population. While there is currently no cure for SCD, treatments and management strategies can help alleviate symptoms, prevent complications, and improve the quality of life for affected individuals. These treatments may include blood transfusions, medications, and in some cases, stem cell or bone marrow transplants. Early diagnosis and comprehensive care are crucial for individuals with sickle cell disease to lead healthier lives.